TOEFL® Preparation Exercise: Reducing An Adjective Clause Into An Adjective Phrase

For each question below, follow these two steps:

1. Combine the sentences below using adjective clauses. Be sure to use proper punctuation and include commas where needed.
2. Reduce or simplify the adjective clauses into adjective phrases.

Example:

1. On 27 October 1945, a British aircraft from Jakarta distributed leaflets over Surabaya. They called on all Indonesian forces and militia to lay down their arms.
   Answer:
   1. On 27 October 1945, a British aircraft from Jakarta distributed leaflets over Surabaya, which called on all Indonesian forces and militia to lay down their arms.
   2. On 27 October 1945, a British aircraft from Jakarta distributed leaflets over Surabaya, calling on all Indonesian forces and militia to lay down their arms.
2. The Battle of Surabaya became a symbol of defiance against the return of Dutch colonial rule. It resulted in the loss of many thousands of Indonesian lives.
   Answer:
   1. The Battle of Surabaya, which resulted in the loss of many thousands of Indonesian lives, became a symbol of defiance against the return of Dutch colonial rule.
   2. The Battle of Surabaya, resulting in the loss of many thousands of Indonesian lives, became a symbol of defiance against the return of Dutch colonial rule.
Now, do the same to questions number 3 up to 22. Pay attention to punctuation, including full stops and commas, where necessary. Remember:
• With commas: The clause is extra information.
• Without commas: The clause is essential to defining the object being talked about.
3. Jakarta is very crowded. It is the capital city of Indonesia.
   
   
4. The car belongs to Mr. Harun. It is parked under the tree.
   
   
5. The old woman makes a very good living by selling clothes. She lives next door.
   
   
6. He borrowed a book from the library. It is about Indonesian literature.
   
   
7. The girl is very attractive. She lives opposite my house.
   
   
8. The writer has just written an article. It criticizes the system of education in Indonesia.
   
   
9. The children use a small ball when playing football. It is made of solid rubber.
   
   
10. I have found a letter. It is addressed to one of our important clients.
    
    
11. She bought a book. It is written by a famous author.
    
    

12. Rujak Cingur reflects the richness of Indonesian cuisine. It is a traditional dish from East Java.
    
    
13. Rujak Cingur is a unique salad. It combines various fresh fruits, boiled vegetables, and cow's snout or nose.
    
    
14. A supernova produced the famous Crab nebula. It is a favorite among astronomers.
    
    
15. Sunlight can be used to generate electricity by means of cells. They contain substances that emit electrons when bombarded with protons.
    
    
16. Positive thinkers look at life with an attitude of hope. It influences their environment in a way that creates positive results.
    
    
17. A new species of tomato has been developed. It is adapted to harsh climatic conditions.
    
    
18. Edward Kazarian uses microscopes and diamond-tipped tools to create figures the size of the head of a pin. He is a master of making miniatures.
    
    
19. The vast oil spill cost millions to clean up. It smeared the coast.
    
    
20. Majapahit kingdom reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk. He reigned from 1350 to 1389.
    
    
21. James wrote an article. The article indicated that he disliked the president.
    
    
22. The man was brought to the police station. He confessed to the crime.
    
    

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