Present Perfect Tense: Bentuk, Penggunaan, dan Latihan Soal

Present Perfect tense adalah salah satu bentuk waktu dalam bahasa Inggris yang sangat penting untuk dipelajari karena sering digunakan, baik dalam percakapan maupun tulisan. Untuk dapat menggunakan Present Perfect tense dengan baik dan benar, konsepnya harus dipahami, diterima, dan diterapkan secara utuh tanpa memaksakan pola bahasa kita ke dalamnya. Justru keunikan konsepnya yang sering terasa asing inilah yang membuat Present Perfect tense menarik untuk dipelajari.

A. Struktur Present Perfect tense

Struktur Present Perfect tense termasuk sederhana dan mudah dipahami. Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh kalimat Present Perfect tense dalam bentuk positif/afirmatif, pertanyaan, dan negatif. Perhatikan dengan saksama susunan kata yang dicetak tebal.

I/We/You/They/Plural Noun as Subject

Untuk kalimat bersubyek "I," "we," "you," "they," dan kata benda jamak (parents, Andi and Tika, dll), struktur kalimat dan bentuk kata kerja adalah sebagai berikut:

• (+): I have learned English for many years.
• (?): Have I learned English for many years?
• (-): I have not learned English for many years.

• We have had breakfast.
• Have we had breakfast?
• We have not had breakfast.

• The students have submitted their assignment.
• Have the students submitted their assignment?
• The students have not submitted their assignment.

He/She/It/Singular Noun as Subject

Pada kalimat bersubyek "He," "She," "It", dan kata benda tunggal (the boy, student, Andi, dll), struktur kalimat dan bentuk kata kerja adalah sebagai berikut:

• (+): He has learned English for many years.
• (?): Has he learned English for many years?
• (-): He has not learned English for many years.

• She has had breakfast.
• Has she had breakfast?
• She has not had breakfast.

• The student has submitted his assignment.
• Has the student submitted his assignment?
• The student has not submitted his assignment.

Catatan:

Berikut ini beberapa hal yang harus diingat tentang struktur Present Perfect Tense.

1. Subyek "I," "we," "you," "they," dan kata benda jamak (students, parents, Andi and Tika, dll) menggunakan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) "HAVE" diikuti "Verb 3" (Past Participle). Struktur lengkap kata kerjanya adalah HAVE + VERB 3.
2. Subyek He, She, It, dan kata benda tunggal (book, student, Andi, Tika, dll) menggunakan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) "HAS" diikuti "Verb 3" (Past Participle). Struktur lengkap kata kerjanya adalah HAS + VERB 3.
3. Tidak ada perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam kalimat tanya maupun negatif, tetap HAVE + VERB 3 atau HAS + VERB 3, hanya susunan saja yang berubah.
4. Penulisan "have" dan "has" dalam Present Perfect tense bisa disingkat. Lihat contoh kalimat di bawah ini:
   • I've never been to Gili island.
   • You've done right.
   • He's left already.
   • She's sent the email.
   • It's been there for years.
   • John's gone home already.
   • The car's broken down.
   • We've applied a new system.
   • They've finished their work.
   
   Jadi, jika menemukan penyingkatan 's, seperti pada he's, she's, it's, jangan gegabah menyimpulkan bahwa itu adalah singkatan dari "is", karena bisa jadi itu adalah penyingkatan dari "has" jika bentuk kata kerjanya adalah Present Perfect tense.

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B. Penggunaan Present Perfect tense

Tense ini disebut Present Perfect tense karena penggunaannya menyiratkan adanya hubungan antara masa sekarang (present) dengan masa lampau (past). Penggunaan Present Perfect tense yang penting untuk diketahui adalah:

1. Present Perfect tense mengungkapkan hal atau kejadian yang pernah dialami di masa lampau, tanpa membicarakan atau menitik-beratkan pada waktu kejadian, bahkan seringkali waktu kejadian tidak diketahui secara pasti.
   • I have seen monkeys in that forest.
   • She has been to many beautiful places.
   • They have lived here before.
   
   Jika kita menyebutkan waktu kejadian dalam contoh kalimat di atas, Simple Past tense harus digunakan.
2. Present perfect tense digunakan untuk memberikan informasi terbaru tentang perkembangan atau kegiatan yang baru saja terjadi atau mengalami perubahan.
   
   • He has recovered from his illness. (Last week, he was still sick.)
   • They have bought a house. (Last year, they didn't have a house)
   • My English has improved a lot. I couldn't speak English well, but now I can.
   
   
3. Dengan menggunakan for (selama) dan since (sejak), Present perfect tense membicarakan kejadian atau kegiatan yang berawal di waktu lampau dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.
   • For dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti "selama" jangka waktu tertentu, misal for 2 hours, for a week, for a month, for a year, for ten years, dll.
   • Since dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti "sejak" saat tertentu di waktu lampau, misal since 6.00 a.m., since yesterday, since July, since 2019, since the beginning of the year, dll.
   Contoh kalimat Present Perfect tense dengan "for" dan "since":
   
   • I have lived here for two years.
   • She has been sick for 2 days.
   • They have lived here since 2019.
   • The regulation has been effective since January.
4. "Just" seringkali digunakan dalam Present Perfect tense positif / afirmatif, dengan makna "a short time ago (baru saja)". Contoh:
   
   • She has just left. (Dia baru saja berangkat.)
   • I've just had dinner. (Saya baru saja makan malam)
   • The package has just arrived. (Paket itu baru saja tiba).
5. "Already" seringkali digunakan dalam Present Perfect tense positif / afirmatif dan pertanyaan (question) dengan makna "sudah". Contoh:
   
   • She has already left. (Dia sudah berangkat.)
   • Has he already known about the news? (Sudahkah dia tahu tentang berita itu?)
   • The package has already arrived. (Paket itu sudah tiba).
6. "Yet" seringkali digunakan dalam Present Perfect tense pertanyaan atau negatif dan diletakkan di akhir kalimat, yang bermakna "until now (belum)". Contoh:
   • She hasn't left yet. (Dia belum berangkat.)
   • I haven't had dinner yet. (Saya belum makan malam)
   • Has the package arrived yet? (Apakah paket itu belum tiba?).
   
   
7. Present Perfect tense sering digunakan bersama "Ever" dalam kalimat tanya (question) dengan makna "pernahkah", dan "Never" dengan makna "tidak pernah / belum pernah". Contoh:
   
   • Have you ever been here before? (Pernahkah kamu ke sini sebelum ini?)
   • Have you ever eaten mangosteens? (Pernahkah kamu makan manggis?)
   • He has never travelled by air. (Dia belum pernah bepergian naik pesawat?).
   
   

Itulah beberapa penggunaan Present Perfect tense yang penting untuk diketahui. Yang harus diingat, jangan memaksakan konsep bahasa kita saat menterjemahkan atau menggunakan Present Perfect tense. Pahami bentuk dan penggunaannya, lalu terapkan konsepnya secara utuh.

Sebagai tambahan, bentuk Present Perfect tense seringkali dikontraskan dengan Simple Past tense.

Lebih jauh tentang perbedaan Present Perfect tense dengan Simple Past tense di sini.

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C. Soal Latihan Present Perfect Tense

I. Membuat Kalimat Positif, Pertanyaan, dan Negatif

Buatlah kalimat Present Perfect tense bentuk positif, pertanyaan, dan negatif menggunakan subyek dan kata kerja yang disediakan. Jangan lupa menyertakan tanda baca seperti "titik" (.) atau tanda tanya (?) di akhir kalimat. Contoh: We - finish our assignment.
+: We have finished the asignment.
?: Have we finished the assignment?
-: We haven't finished the assignment.

1. He - clean his room.
   
   
   
2. They - do the assignment.
   
   
   
3. Ani - talk to the Principal.
   
   
   
4. I - send you an email.
   
   
   
5. His parents - work abroad before.
   
   
   

II. Melengkapi Kalimat

Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan bentuk Present Perfect tense dari kata kerja yang di dalam kurung. Sesuaikan apakah kalimat tersebut membutuhkan bentuk positif, pertanyaan, atau negatif.

1. Ovy: "Do the students know about the test?"
   Dina: "Yes, I them."
2. Pras: "May I borrow the newspaper?"
   Yoko: "Wait a minute. I reading it."
3. "I need to talk to Rama. him?"
4. Student: "Where's Ms. Yuni, Sir?"
   Teacher: "I think she ."
5. Gani: "Where are my keys?"
   Kiki: "I don't know. I them."
6. Tia: "This office is very dusty."
   Umi: "Well, it closed since the pandemic started."
7. Dea: "Make sure you send the email as soon as possible."
   Lala: "Don't worry. I it already."
8. Benny: "I can't find the shop. It used to be here."
   Rio: "I think they ."
9. Eka: "What's your plan for the holiday?"
   Ima: "I don't know. I about it yet."
10. I want to visit her but I much time to go out of town.

III. "Have you ever ...?"

Buatlah kalimat tanya dengan diawali "Have you ever ...?" dengan menggunakan kata di dalam kurung. Jawablah dengan "Yes, once / twice / three times / many times / a few times" atau "No, never" sesuai dengan pengalaman kalian sendiri.
Contoh:

(Lombok)
Answer: Have you ever been to Lombok? ~ Yes, once.

(eat mangoes)
Answer:Have you ever eaten durians? ~ No, never.

1. (Bromo): ~
2. (play Congklak): ~
3. (Komodo Island): ~
4. (live abroad): ~
5. (eat Padang food): ~
6. (cook Rawon): ~
7. (see Kasada ceremony): ~
8. (ride a horse): ~
9. (see Karapan Sapi): ~
10. (travel by air): ~

IV. "For" atau "Since"?

Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini dengan "for" atau "since".

1. My brother has lived in Jakarta more than ten years.
2. She has moved to a new department last month.
3. I've known her we both were kids.
4. Indonesia has been an independent country 1945.
5. We have waited an hour.

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